Questions relating to insurance documents continue to generate a surprising number of discrepancies under letters of credit. One area that occasionally causes uncertainty is whether an insurance document must expressly state “All Risks” when the credit requires such coverage. In the following case, the LC called for insurance covering “Institute All Risks”, while the presented insurance document referred to “Institute …

One of the most common issues in the examination of insurance documents under letters of credit arises when the insurance policy or certificate is issued after the shipment date. ISBP 821 requires the insurance document to evidence that coverage was effective no later than the shipment date. But does the document need to use the exact wording “Effective Date”? What …

Not all L/C amendments are about shipment dates, amounts, or documents. Sometimes, a confirming bank requests changes that appear quite technical, such as changing a credit from “available by negotiation” to “available by payment” or moving the place of expiry from one country to another. Are such amendments merely operational preferences, or do they have legal and risk implications for …

One of the fundamental safeguards in documentary credits is the authentication process performed by an advising bank. But what happens if an issuing bank sends the LC directly to the beneficiary without involving an advising bank? Is this permissible under UCP 600, and what risks should the parties consider? Let’s look at a question from Gerson Mário. Question Dear Mr. …

In international trade, many disputes arise not because parties misunderstand UCP 600, but because they mix up legal requirements with commercial practices. A reader recently asked Mr. Old Man about two common concerns in timber imports from Africa: whether the L/C expiry date must be linked to the shipping transit time, and whether removing the word “Clean” from “Clean On …

A reader recently sent Mr. Old Man an interesting question about quantity tolerance under an L/C. The issue sounds simple at first glance, but in practice it often creates confusion between sales contract terms, the wording of the credit, and the application of UCP 600 Article 30. Here is the question and discussion. Question Dear Mr. Old Man, I would …

One area that occasionally causes confusion under UCP 600 is the relationship between Article 18(b) and Article 30(a). Many practitioners assume that a commercial invoice may exceed the LC amount only where the credit expressly allows a tolerance, or where the words “about” or “approximately” are used in connection with the credit amount under Article 30(a). However, Article 18(b) provides …

Lading (CPBL), and freight notations on the bill of lading. If a credit is issued under CFR terms, should the bill of lading necessarily indicate “Freight Prepaid”? And if the LC instead requires “Freight Payable as per Charter Party”, would that create a discrepancy or inconsistency with the stated Incoterm? This Q&A discusses the difference between documentary compliance under UCP …

A reader recently sent Mr. Old Man an interesting question about trade finance and financial statements. It sounds simple at first… but the topic can actually become quite broad if discussed in detail Here is a short and practical answer. Question Dear Mr. Old Man, This may be a genuine question, but would you kindly explain how to determine whether …

In the old days, documents were usually dispatched by the nominated bank itself. But today, some banks allow customers or overseas units to access trade finance systems, print the covering schedule, and send documents directly to the issuing bank. So what happens if the documents are lost in transit? Does UCP 600 article 35 still protect the nominated bank? An …